Modernization of Media with Industrial Revolution

 "Modernism is the umbrella term we give to the way that human society responded to the changes that took place during the industrial revolution." (Creeber p.12 2009) modernism which started with industrial revolution was changed lots of human human behavior and mind.when God-centerede and theocratic system was completely defeated , people tried to find different system and method for doing something. this trying was for doing better human life.when happend this things,  worker class gained some right and possibility for leisure time and activity.Afterthat showing up"everyday culture" to be found in pulp novels, the cinema, television, comics, newspaper, magazines and so on. Andreas Huyssen point out, modernism was almost consistently 'relentless in its hostility to mass culture'(1986.238)

 When Frankfurt School evalute modernism with marxists approach, they highlighted fordism effect on mass culture. Fordism was a term coined to describe Henry Ford's succes in the automobile industry, his improvement mass production methods. (Creeber p.12 2009) on the other hand, ford producted car which is fast manufactured and cheap was culture industry. Because lots of people can afford to buy this car and buying car was very common and popular for lower to upper class people.

 Post modenism  means that economic transition has taken place from a manufacturing based economy to service based economy. "Consumption and leisure now determine our experiences rather than work and production." For example company symbol and slogan  are meaning making. 'Goverments or offical ' can not do everything but companys and brand effects people with postmodernism. For instance lots of people don't know leaf represent which tree but this people know fastfood , music, technology or other brands logo easily in the current word.

Bibliography

Creeber, G and Martin R. 2009, Digital Cultures Open University Press.

Digital Cultures : Glen Creeber

Creeber starts of by stating that this field of study is a "complex and diverse one"(Creeber, pg.11, 2009). In no way is he incorrect because of the vast amount of methods and theoretical approaches that New Media contributes.

I understand that Creeber has divided the 'New Media' up into different historical timeline changes, such as Modernism and 'old media', which took place during the industrial revolution and the invention of the printing press, where upon a new form of media was born. The first people to take an ideological stance upon modernism was 'The Frankfurt School' and in particularly, Adorno. They highlighted the new phase of the industrial revolution that was mass production and they often perceived the media as product of industrialization(Creeber, pg.12,2009), where upon they came up with the term 'Fordism', referring to Henry Fords first mass production system of the automobile.

This perception of mass production of the Media, called the 'Fordist Philosophy' was apparent in mass culture, where it seemed that every TV show, film and magazine were identical. (Creeber, pg.13, 2009). This group of Marxists and their theories led them to clearly distaste these 'industrialized' products, and the fact that they were only to keep mass audiences deluded in their oppression.

The next theory of the Media is Postmodernism, which brought about changes after the industrial revolution. This brought about the rise of new information technologies, leading up to the ones which we are using and producing today. Creeber refers to other writers, such as Levinson(1999), and how much of his work anticipated the power of New Media to enhance an audiences interactivity with electronic information as a whole - transforming us from voyeurs to participants.(Creeber, pg.15,2009).

This means that as far as this new information technology age has came along, we as the participants now have a more active role in what is being produced throughout all forms of New Media. If we are the participants and the producers then we responsible for what the consumers after us are being shown.

Creeber states in his conclusion that "critical understanding of the field is essential if we are to produce a sophisticated theoretical approach"(Pg.22,2009)


References - Glen Creeber, Digital Theory: theorizing New Media, 2009, (Pgs 11-22)

New Defination of New Media with Five Elments

When Monovich started the own article; He wants to know limits of new media,  Is all new product  new media ?  How can we define new media ?

The popular definition of new media identifies it with the use of a computer for distribution and exhibition, rather than with production. (Manovich, 2002 pg.43) Computer systems involve all part of life when we speak media especially new media this isn't eveluate with being computerization. Manovich said own essay photography, book, music etc. can be digital and it can be stored in cd or memory and view on computer screen but that isn't new media only "metamorfic" old media.

 

Manovich demonstrade own article that most important thing for new media is digital code and start five element such as numerical representation, modularity, automation, variability and transcoding.

Firstly, symbol and characters is composing numerical representation mathematical function an algorithmic manipulation provide that media becomes more programmable (Manovich, 2002). Forexample X, Y and 0, 1, 2 terms and formula are internatinonal and when some body send to other person, can understand and put into practice.

 Secondly, Manovich explain modularity "called fractal structure". Forexample, one thing can be define or work different type like as movie video. BS.player, windows media player, real player and can play same video with different style.

 Thirdly, Manovich say automation fix mistakes and supply to work with correct system. Forinstance, word document can find and adjust wrong things in text.

 Fourtly, Variability is described media isn't fixed once and for all but can exist different versions. Forexample, one thing can be differnet format and can be launch various type of media.

 Finally, Transcoding is translate something to other form. Forexample, a word format of text can be PDF format.

Bibliography
Manovich, L (2002) What is New Media of Media from the language of New Media (Cambridge, Mass: London MIT Press)

Manovich and New Media

Manovich provides us with a popular definition of new media, he states 'new media identifies it with the use of a computer for distribution and exhibition, rather than production.' (Manovich, 2002, P.18) There are numerous examples of new media which include the Internet, websites, CD-ROMs, computer multimedia and DVDs. Manovich gives us an example to help understand what new media is and what it is not: 'texts distributed on a computer are considered to be new media, text distributed on paper are not.' (Manovich, 2002, P.18)

The question is, how does media become new media? Manvoich gives us insight into how this happens throughout his book. The first instance I came across was this, 'all existing media are translated into numerical data accessible for the computers.' (Manovich, 2002, P.24) The difference between old and new media is that new media operate through a form of numerical representation which is one of Manovich's key principles. 'The consequence of this development are far-reaching ... because the representation of cultural forms in numerical codes enables them to be reproduced, manipulated and transmitted with unprecedented ease.' (Beer & Gane, 2008, P.6) On computers today we can do everything; watch movies, download songs, edit pictures and play games. They act as a 'multimedia display device.' (Manovich, 2002) 

An important point to remember is that 'many new media are converted from various forms of old media.' (Manovich, 2002, P.25) With old media forms such as television and radio communications are only one way, we cannot participate in a television programme, which makes audiences passive. With new media forms such as the Internet we can be active consumers and interact with the media by playing online games, communicate with friends via social networks and so on.

What separates new media from other media forms is the fact that it is digital. 'New media is analogue media converted to a digital representation.' (Manovich, 2002, P. 43) A paperback book is not new media, but an electronic book is new media. 'New media does not include television programmes, feature film, magazines, books or paper-based publications - unless they contain technologies that enable digital interactivity.'  (Eber-Schmid & Socha, 2012, [Online]) This is a key aspect of new media. Old media did not enable the consumer to be active and interact with media. They were passive audience members who just watched, for example, a movie and that was it. 'In contrast to traditional media where the order of presentation was fixed, the user can now interact with a media object.' (Manovich, 2002, 43) Now new media allows audience members to be a part of the media. These members watch a movie, then they can go onto the website and play games, buy merchandise, read about characters and chat to other fans. This is interactivity, this is digitization and this is new media.


BOOKS:
David Beer & Nicholas Gane, 'New Media: The key concepts,' 2008, Berg Press
Les Manovich, 'The language of new media,' 2002 MIT Press

WEBSITES:
Barbara Eber-Schmid and Bailey Socha, 'Defining new media isn't easy', 2012, [Online]
Available at: http://www.newmedia.org/what-is-new-media.html
Accessed on 14 October 2013

Henry Jenkins Convergence Culture

"Welcome to convergence culture, where old and new media collide" (H Jenkins 2006 p.3).

Convergence culture is explained by Jenkins as a "flow of content across multiple media platforms", he also tells us that his book is about the relationship between three concepts - convergence media, participatory culture and collective intelligence.

Jenkins argues that the days when devices were created for solely for one purpose are long gone. He uses many examples throughout his introduction to reinforce his case e.g. he talks about how cell phones are not simply devices that can make phone calls any more. They allow the consumer to surf the internet, download/listen to music, stream live music events and use cameras for photo and video purposes. In fact the simple purpose of making a phone call seems to be the least focused on attribute on the device. He reinforced this claim with his own experience of when he went to stores looking for a cell phone that just made phone calls and was told they don't make them like that anymore. This is what Jenkins called a "Cultural Shift".

In his book Jenkins speculates that the way consumers are utilizing media it will end up that all media artefacts will one day be rolled into one black box he calls this "The Black Box Fallacy". Jenkins believes that we already live in a society where devices are already so close to being everything in one. Although he does state that old media will never die, just the way in which we access it and enjoy it through the technological mediums will change.

"Delivery technologies become obsolete and get replaced; media, on the other hand, evolve." (H Jenkins 2006 p.19).

The fact Jenkins emphasizes during this introduction is that convergence is coming and there is nothing anyone can do about it, so we will have to get accustomed to it.


References:

Henry Jenkins (2006) Where Old and New Media Collide, Introduction "Worship at the Altar of Convergence" p.1-25

Image: http://kelger.blogspot.co.uk/2011/04/technological-convergence.html

A Convergence Culture in a Technological Expanding World

My first thoughts on Convergence Culture were simplistic to say the least, the basis being old media combining with new media to create an all new beast altogether. However, Henry Jenkins opened my eyes to a different view entirely. Jenkins talks about old and new media being linked through different mediums, ocassionally helped along by human interference.

In the theory of new media not clashing with old media, we could look at a recent news story that broke  in 2011 via social networking site Twitter. The story I talk of is that of Manchester United footballer Ryan Giggs' super-injunction on his alleged affair (The Telegraph, 2012). In this instance the new media helped old media progress around otherwise blocked channels to produce a story that they wanted to tell.

Jenkins states that, 'old media will never die... What dies are simply the tools we use to access media content.' (Jenkins, 2006) For an example of this we can look at how we have received music over the years, vinyl, cassette tape, mini disc, cd, mp3, and so on. These tools have advanced to something that we can receive now that has no physical prescence.

Jankins also mentions 'The Black Box Fallacy', which is a theory that a 'black box' could control all mediums that we need. Many of us hae these 'black boxes', just think of your laptop, it contains your music, videos, internet, news and more.


It could be said that Jenkins believes that there will never be an 'Ultimate Black Box' and there may never be, although we are getting very close to it.

Take the soon to be released next generation of gaming consoles, the Xbox One boasts of being your entire media centre for your home. It includes a blu-ray drive, along with applications for television, music, live events, internet, social networking, phone calls, video calls, forums and much more. The iPhone 5 also has applications for everything that I've previously mentioned, although it has a smaller screen.
Our technology is evolving rapidly, although I believe that old media will always have a part in our culture as this is truely a convergence culture.




REFERENCES

Jenkins, H. (2006) Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York and London: New York University Press.

The Telegraph (2012) Ryan Giggs: Timeline of Injunction Debate [Online]. Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/9095887/Ryan-Giggs-timeline-of-injunction-debate.html (Accessed: 7 June 2013)

Convergence Culture

We live in a world which is ever changing. One spectacular creation which is advancing faster than anything else is the media. For millions of people today the media and the internet are idols, they worship the content and communications which are available to them at the click of a button. Mobile phones are no longer devices which only allow you to make calls and send text messages. They are now equipped with cameras, MP3 players, organisers, games, internet explorers and libraries full of books. This is an example of converged media.  

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0fqH4r61zk 

Jenkin's writes, that convergence culture is 'where old and new media collide.' (Jenkins, 2008, Pg. 2) Just as the automobile converged with the horse and cart and the television converged with radio, the smart-phone converged with the telegram. 'Convergence is an old concept taking on new meaning.' (Jenkins, 2008, Pg. 6) New media do not abolish old media, they intersect and become a new advanced media. Convergence is 'the idea that because of progress of technology various different types of media such as the television, newspapers and radio are combining into a single media, for example, television and computer technology are increasingly becoming the same thing.'  (Online: Youtube, 2013)

        
In his book Jenkins talks about the 'Black Box Fallacy.' It is the idea that all media content will flow through the 'black box' in our living rooms or the little black box in our pockets, i.e. mobile phones. (Jenkins, 2008,) Ray Kurzweil, a director of engineering at Google said 'so what used to fit in a building, i.e. computers, now fits in your pocket i.e. mobile phones, what fits in your pocket now will fit inside a blood cell in 25 years.' (Online: YouTube, 2013)

                                          Figure 1

An important note is that new media are not being banished. 'Rather, their functions and status are being shifted by the introduction of new technologies.' (Jenkins, 2008, Pg. 14) If we think about it, spoken words have not been killed by printed words and the radio has not been killed by television. Old media forms have been required to synchronise with new media, therefore making an even better and more advanced media with more to offer active consumers. (Jenkins, 2008)
In a few years the incredibly advanced media we have today may be just a thing of the past as more shifts in technology will take place and who knows what the future holds.

Books:
Henry Jenkins, 'Convergence Culture: Where old and new media collide', 2008, NYU Press

Websites:
Laurence Bolton, 'Convergence Media', 2013, YouTube [Online] Accessed on 8/10/13 Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUlRbx8sX2A
CommKh, 'Convergence Media', 2013, YouTube [Online] Accessed on 8/10/13 Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NM8dLz-nmlw
Hudson Millar, 'iPhone Convergence' 2013, YouTube [Online] Accessed 8/10/13 Available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0fqH4r61zk 

Images:
Figure 1 - http://www.convergencecatalyst.com/blog/2012/04/02/technology-manifestation-cycles-for-true-convergence/ 'Technology manifestation cycles for 'True Convergence', posted 2/4/2012 [Accessed: 8th October 2013]

Convergence Culture

[1]My initial understanding of 'Convergence Culture' is where Old Media and New Media cross paths. Jenkins describes it as the "flow of content across multiple media forms". He also mentions that the media audiences will go 'almost anywhere in search of the media experiences they want'. An example of this would be when we hear of an interesting news broadcast on the television, then reach for our pockets for our mobile phones to check what other information about the story is available on the likes of Twitter and Facebook. 

    This brings me onto my next topic where Jenkins mentions the 'cultural shift' from the original purpose of a device like a mobile phone to its uses now in 2013. In the book Jenkins explains this through a nice and easy to understand metaphor in which he explains it as "an electric equivalent of a Swiss army nice", meaning we no longer use our mobile 'phones' as just phones. They can be used for an abundance of different purposes. Jenkins explains his frustration about this in his book, where single functioning phone are no longer manufactured, he mentions how he was laughed at and told the "nobody wants them". This is a great example in the 'cultural shift' from a decade ago.

    

[2] The mobile phone network O2 carried out a survey on how we use our mobile phones in this New Media age. They found that our main function we use our mobiles for is browsing the web for 24 minutes per day, making phone calls is 5th popular at 13 minutes a day.

This survey shows that we prefer to use our mobile phones more for browsing the internet, social media, music and games more than a 'phone', which ironically is the name of the device. I believe that making calls will fall deeper down this list as New Media continues to develop.

References:
 [1]  Convergence Culture: Where Old and New  Media collide - H. Jenkins, 2006
 [2]  Statistics and Image available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2333261/We-spend-MORE-time-phones-partner.html
Image: http://i2.cdn.turner.com/money/dam/assets/121126031324-inv-12-old-vs-new-media-monster.jpg 


  

Henry Jenkins: Convergence Culture

Henry Jenkins states in his book Convergence Culture: Where old and new media collide that it "is about the relationship between three concepts-media convergence, participatory culture, and collective intelligence"(H.Jenkins 2006 Pg 2). Each of these three concepts are thoroughly looked over through his introduction to his book but there is one in particular that he seems to cling onto more and that is media convergence.

Media convergence is not old media getting thrown away and never seen again because we love the new media so much, in fact it is nothing of the sort. It is like the old media is staying and helping the new media develop, we are not losing the old media at all, we are just simply receiving it in different ways with new tools that are helping shape the ongoing media convergence. Jenkins describes convergence as "the flow of content across multiple media platforms"(H.Jenkins 2006 Pg 2) but then he goes on to state that "sooner or later, the argument goes, all media is going to flow through a single black box"(H.Jenkins 2006 Pg 14). So is that the case that we will end up consuming all our media through one black box? Gaming, news, TV, communication etc all rolled into one device? The closest devices to this black box theory are the newest mobile phones and upcoming games consoles. Mobile phones these days are being created to do everything and it seems like their main function in making and receiving calls is only a small added extra where as their ability to surf the internet and play games is more important and a stronger selling point.

The Media convergence is happening and it is all around us and if we do not accept it we will be left behind.

REFERENCES:
Convergence Culture: Where Old And New Media Collide, Jenkins H, 2006, New York University Press.